When searching for "surrogacy in the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia", are you confused by all the different claims?
Someone said:(after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker)Surrogacy in the United StatesExpensive, but with Pre-Birth Order (PBO), parental authority is most stable.;
There are also those who say:To Canada.Altruistic surrogacyFeasible, manageable costs but slower process.;
Someone else amenable:Surrogacy in Kyrgyzstan/Georgia, friendly price, fast licenseThe
The questions are: your situation (single/same-sex couple/LGBTQ+, expat, do you need a donor egg), theCan it be done or not, how much will it cost, and how will pro-rights get off the groundNo one's given me one.Clear and enforceableThe roadmap.

The article, "TheSurrogacy in the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia (The Ultimate Guide)It was for this reason that the book was written.
I won't just tell you "where it's legal", I'll tell you "where it's legal", I'll tell you "where it's legal".Commercial surrogacy vs. altruistic surrogacy(used form a nominal expression)Legal frameworkSpeak up; make theBreakdown of surrogacy costs(medical, attorneys, insurance, NICU, documentation & travel) itemized and broken down; putPathways to the establishment of parental rights(PBO/Post-Birth Order/Administrative Registration, Parent's Column on Birth Certificate, DNA, Notarization and Certification)step by step can be landed onof the list. You can directly compareAdvantages and disadvantages of surrogacy in Shikoku,Countries where surrogacy is legalThe real threshold of theAvoid "exclusions in the package price" and "promises that only appear on the flyer".

If you're struggling:

• Where is the most stable place to go for legal surrogacy?(Current viability of laws and policies)
• How do you control the surrogacy budget?(Hidden costs vs. re-shifting, what about insurance gaps)
• How can a surrogate baby's return home be faster and smoother?(Timeline of birth certificates, court orders, passports/travel documents)

Then consider this one yours.Surrogacy Destination Selection Guidetogether withRisk inventory. First, take theLegal, expenses, parental rightsGetting the three things straightened out and then talking about airfare and packages is the starting point for a road less traveled.

I. How to choose the best international legal surrogacy destination?

Why compare these four countries? "Head-to-head" between the mature markets of North America and the emerging options of Central Asia.

Start by spreading out the disk:

Core comparative dimensions: legal framework, intended parents' eligibility, cost budgeting and establishment of parental authority

By making a list of your thoughts, you will be able to make choices faster:

• 1. Legal framework (Commercial vs. Altruistic; federal/provincial/state hierarchical differences)
  • American Surrogacy:No federal uniform law, state by state; picking a "green light state" with an established team of attorneys can often result in a pre-pregnancy lockdown of the path to parental rights (more often than not) Pre-Birth Order) and expectations for birth certificate writing. Latest pattern: more states clarified, decriminalized, and more actionable.
  • Canadian Surrogacy:Combination of federal AHRA + provincial pro-rights rules, reimbursement only, no payment (that much is the bottom line); the province decides if and when you go to court.
  • Surrogacy in Kyrgyzstan:Information in recent years has generally stated that it is "legal and foreigner-friendly", but the boundaries of eligibility and enforcement are subject to official and licensing authorities.
  • Georgia:Long known for "birth certificates directly to the parents, no parental rights for surrogate mothers," but foreign nationals and family structure restrictions are experiencing policy discussions and tightening trends in 2023-2025; be sure to check current feasibility with a local attorney + immigration attorney on both sides of the aisle.

• 2. Intended Parent Eligibility (Single, LGBTQ+, Foreign)
  • USA/CanadaOverall more friendly to singles & LGBTQ+ (but US depends on selected states; Canada depends on provincial parental rights process).
  • Kyrgyzstan/GeorgiaThere is uncertainty and dynamism in the eligibility and chain of evidence for single/same-sex couples (especially the Georgia requirement of "married to a person of the opposite sex" which is repeatedly referred to/interpreted in multiple sources). These types of items should always be confirmed in writing by an attorney before entering into a medical and contract.
• 3. Cost budget (total price, payment structure, insurance/legal/travel)
  • United States:The highest, but also the highest percentage of "predictability" - attorneys, trusts, compensation, insurance, NICU plans, court orders, birth registrations, every item is transparent for families who want "certainty for their money". for families who want "certainty for their money".
  • Canada:Due to non-payment, the matching cycle and claims voucher management are instead the core variables of time and management costs.
  • Kyrgyzstan/Georgia:The price is friendly, but you have to factor in the "non-medical costs" of legal enforceability, post-birth travel documents/citizenship, insurance coverage, and not just the "package price".
• 4. Establishment of parental rights and birth certificate (Pre-Birth / Post-Birth, whether to go to court, how to write the parents' column in the birth certificate)
  • United States of AmericaMany states can do Pre-Birth Orders, which go directly to the court on the day of the birth, while others have "hospital orders" and then post-birth orders - the difference is very "state-based"! The difference is very "state-based".
  • CanadianDepending on the province, some require post-birth applications, while others require only administrative registration; the core remains "altruism + reimbursement compliance".
  • Georgia (country)The traditional selling point is that birth certificates are directly addressed to the intended parents, and surrogate mothers have no parental rights; however, the alienage/eligibility thresholds have been discussed in changes in recent years - please refer to the current statute and local court/registry practices.
  • KyrgyzstanIn recent years, the publicity has been "convenient", but the passport/travel document/returned paternity chain still needs to be designed in advance.

II. Commercial Surrogacy vs. Altruistic Surrogacy: Core Differences in the Laws of Four Countries and the Legal Framework

The first thing to figure out in the world of surrogacy is that"Can you pay for it?"This one red line. Because it directly determines pairing efficiency, contract structure, surrogate mother's rights, parental authority paths, and even insurance and tax treatment. The four countries are divided into two factions:

• Commercial Surrogacy (Compensated):Intended parents pay surrogate mothers, often with detailed compensation and protection clauses.
• Altruistic Surrogacy:No remuneration is allowed, only expenses that are "reasonable and directly related to the pregnancy" are reimbursed, and there is a process of vouching, approving and documenting.

Below, we break it down by country, making clear the legal framework - who it applies to - contract enforceability - parental rights and birth registration - and the latest policy direction.

🇺🇸 USA: A "mature ecology" for commercial surrogacy? Freedom and Difference (State Selection is Key)

Legal framework and map

The United States is a representative market for commercial surrogacy, with separate state laws. Many"Green Light State."(Typically California, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington, etc.) Long-standing support for surrogacy contracts and parental rights orders have created a highly predictable ecosystem of "legal+medical+financial trusteeship". An authoritative map of the industry can be found at Creative Family Connections' US Surrogacy Law Map(Continuously updated to be able to see which states support, and how to out pro-rights orders).

New York State is in the February 15, 2021commencement dateChild-Parent Safety Act (CPSA)The official legalization of paid gestational surrogacy with a "surrogate mother's charter of rights" (insurance, psychosocial support, independent counsel, etc.) paves the way for a more stable track.

Michigan legislation in 2024,April 1, 2025The law goes into effect, removing criminal penalties for surrogacy contracts and moving from "the only state in the nation that criminalizes surrogacy" to an operational state, marking the full entry of commercial surrogacy in the United States."No Red Zones"Times.

Contracts and Parental Pathways

Many friendly states supportPre-Birth Order: The court can clarify the parental rights of the intended parents before the baby is born; birth certificates are issued directly on the basis of a court order, dramatically reducing the time and uncertainty of the landing process (the exact practice varies from state to state).

Target audience and inclusiveness

rightSingle and LGBTQ+Groups are friendly overall; however, it is important to evaluate the path to parental rights orders and residency/place of birth requirements for non-marital, same-sex, and transnational parties in the target state by state.Specialized resources, such as ASRM, will provide enforceability and ordering windows by state.

🇨🇦 Canada: Altruistic Surrogacy under the Assisted Human Reproduction Act

Legal framework and regulatory core

Federal level Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA) (b) Explicitly prohibit surrogate mothers from receiving remuneration and paid intermediaries from making connections; however, reimbursement of expenses is permitted, and the scope of reimbursement, vouchers and procedures are clarified through the "Rules and Guidelines for Reimbursement Related to Assisted Human Reproduction".

In practice, many parties will be due to note management and compliance evidence "shell", it is recommended that the beginning of the lawyer and compliance consultant to intervene, to establish"Expense reimbursement ledger"The

Parental authority and birth registration

It is up to the province/territory to decide: some require post-birth court/administrative confirmation; some are registration-based. Be sure to ask about "the path and timeline for establishing parental authority in your province" before signing. (Provincial policies vary, so I won't go into the details here, but be sure to"Province name + parentage + surrogacy"Check each one individually.)

Target audience and inclusiveness

rightSingle and LGBTQ+The group as a whole is friendly; however, individual conditions such as proof of partnership, medical indications, etc. may be involved depending on the documentation requirements of the province.

In altruistic mode, the supply side (people willing to be contemporary mothers) is more scarce, and scheduling and matching often takes longer than you think.

🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's "Emerging Commercial Surrogacy"

Law and contracts

Public articles often cite relevant provisions of the 2024 Health Act as the basis for the legality of surrogacy, and claim that contracts are enforceable and commercial compensation is allowed.

Parental authority and birth registration

Marketing materials emphasize the "convenience" of the process, but what really determines whether or not you can leave/return to your home country and land in the country isBirth Certificate Writing, Paternity Confirmation, DNA Testing, Consular CertificationIs this whole chain of evidence tight.

Since this is a cross-border program, immigration and citizenship issues must be rehearsed at the level of an immigration attorney to avoid the extreme situation of "the child's documents not being issued after birth."

🇬🇪 Georgia: known for "birth certificates addressed to parents".

Law and contracts

The traditional advantages are: enforceable contract + quick registration of the birth certificate (often without the consent of the surrogate mother); therefore, many families see it as a "cost-effective + efficient" option.

But because it is "smooth", the expatriate and family structure restrictions, once in place, will have an immediate impact on cross-border projects. You'll have to confirm this in your lawyer's letter:Foreign/Unmarried/Same-Sex Partner Eligibility Boundary for Current Month (Write Date), as well as whether local marriage certificates are required, whether medical indications are requested, etc.

Parental authority and birth registration

The selling point is still "birth certificates are addressed directly to the parents", but whether this path is still open to foreign parties must be determined by current regulations and registry practices. The speed of updating and accuracy of agency pages varies, so don't just look at the marketing pages. There are agency pages that still say "open to foreigners" in 2025, and there are attorney blog posts that state that "the government announced proposed bans/restrictions on foreigners in 2023, and that the bill is either on hold or moving forward, and will need to be tracked continuously".

III. Comparison of Surrogacy for Single People and LGBTQ+ Families in Four Countries

Let's be clear: surrogacy eligibility is not "globally standardized", but rather "country-by-country, or even state/province-by-state". The US and Canada are more inclusive overall (but the US looks at the states), and the information in both Central Asian countries is "more fragmented and dynamic" - especially whether the parties need proof of marriage, whether it's restricted to heterosexuals, whether it accepts singles/same-sexes, whether it's open to foreigners, and these details must be analyzed using These details must be locked in with current legal texts + written opinions from local lawyers, and not based on "others have done it before".

The U.S. and Canada: Most Inclusive of Singles and LGBTQ+ People

🇺🇸 United States

General Direction:Overall friendly to singles & LGBTQ+ people, but divided by state. Can you do and need to goPre-Birth Orders (PBO)Whether it is a post-birth order, whether the birth certificate can be directly in the names of both parents, and whether the non-biological parents need a second adoption ...... are all determined by the target state. Choose"Green Light State."This is a core strategy. The authoritative "State Law Map" allows you to directly check the viability of each state and the path to pro-rights, making it easy for you to do your initial screening.

Focus Sample:New York State has implemented the Child-Parent Safety Act (CPSA) since 2021-02-15, which legalizes paid gestational surrogacy and establishes a "Surrogate Mother's Bill of Rights" (independent attorney, insurance, psychological support, etc.), which also takes care of same-sex couples and singles' parental rights arrangements; a number of states ("green-light states" like California) also have the ability to complete PBO during the pregnancy and go directly to a court order on the day of the birth. Many states (e.g., California and other "green light states") also allow for PBOs during pregnancy, which can be court-ordered on the day of birth.

Hands-on advice:Set the state first, then the agency and clinic. Include in your prerequisites "the target state's path to single/same-sex parenthood, whether there will be a second adoption, how the birth certificate will be written, and whether there must be a court appearance". If you are a transnational party, rehearse the immigration and travel document chains in tandem.

🇨🇦 Canada

Rule Base Color:Federal AHRA Assisted Human Reproduction Act Establishes an altruistic framework (reimbursement yes, payment no) that is friendly to singles and LGBTQ+ as a whole; differences in parental rights and registrations are determined at the provincial level - some provinces favor administrative registrations, others favor court confirmation.

Reality Challenge:It's not "can we do it" but "how long will it take to get matched and how will the reimbursement be compliant". You should ask for a written flowchart by province before signing up: the steps to parental authority, the documents required, the expected length of time, and the possibility of going to court.

Hands-on advice:Make the "Compliance Claims Ledger" the main thread (invoices, vouchers, point in time), otherwise you will be slowed down by "backfilling" at the authorization/registration stage.

Kyrgyzstan: is it single-friendly? The message is "divided"

You will see two opposite types of statements:

• One type of information states that it is open to foreigners, accepts unmarried couples, and even offers "special conditions" for singles; another agency article states that "the law explicitly allows single women to become parents with married people through surrogacy". It looks "friendly" and the prices are good.
• My interpretation is that while "the law favors married heterosexuals" and there are no restrictions on single women, single men do have some restrictions, and because Kyrgyzstan is a Muslim country, generally local surrogacy agencies will"Single male disguised as a partner" operation.The

Bottom line:Kyrgyzstan "looks friendly", but the tone is not the same. Do your due diligence seriously, and don't do projects that you have "heard about".

Georgia: 2023-2025 Tightening discussions; singles and same-sex couples subject to "current verification"

Georgia's "calling cards" are: commercial surrogacy, birth certificates addressed directly to the parents, surrogate mothers with no parental rights, and extremely friendly to the landing of parental rights - which is why it was once long regarded as a "cost-effective + smoothly executed" destination. "The reason why it had long been regarded as a "cost-effective + smooth execution" destination.

Summary (A "Pathways to Eligibility Checklist" for Singles and LGBTQ+)

More inclusive/stable:prioritizeU.S. Friendly States and Canada. Choose a state in the US (check state law maps + consult a local attorney) and a province in Canada (design paths by differences in provincial parental rights, registration, and reimbursement compliance).

Value for money/high volatility:Kyrgyzstan, GeorgiaNeed to use "current official + attorney's writing" to check each item - especially the sensitive qualifications of single, same-sex, and foreign; sample documents and real timelines are more reliable than any marketing ploy.

IV. Estimated total cost of surrogacy in the United States, Canada, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia

US surrogacy cost breakdown: why it's the most costly but still the preferred choice

1) Rigid budgetary framework (predictable)

1. Brokerage/Matching & Project Management:commonly seen US$20k-40k Up (depending on the depth of service, compliance risk control and risk control amount of the organization).
2. Surrogate Mother Compensation and Allowances:US$35k-60k Common range, fluctuates with region and experience; mostly includes reimbursement for maternity clothing, lost wages, child care, bed rest, etc.
3. Legal fees (two law firms + contract + parental order):US$10k-25k(Significant differences by state; with PBO/post-birth order, translation notarization, etc.).
4. Medical care (IVF, transplants, labor and delivery):infrastructural US$25k-60k; if donor egg/PGT is included, repeated transplants, the denominator rises linearly.
5. Insurance:Provision for surrogate mother's health insurance, complication rider, neonatal NICU risk reserve, etc., annualized or phased.

Total empirical value: US$160k-230k+and set aside US$ $10k-$30k in maneuver funds for "second transplant, obstetrical complications, and insurance deductibles/exclusions."

2) Why "expensive" is still preferred

• Highly enforceable:Choose a "green light state" + experienced attorney, lock in a Parental Boots Obtained (PBO) before conception, and have your birth certificate issued directly by court order, so you don't have to go through a lot of hassle.
• The chain of compliance is complete:Third-party escrow, installment payments, mandatory independent legal/psychological evaluations, surrogate's rights statutes (e.g., NY CPSA), etc.

Conclusion:Expensive in the U.S., but"Buy certainty."The family with a high budget, high value of time, and "zero tolerance" for pro-rights landings will prefer this path. Families with high budgets, high value of time, and "zero tolerance" for parental authority to be in place will prefer this path.

Analysis of actual spending under the Canadian altruistic model

1) "Not paid ≠ not spent"

Legal & Compliance:The federal AHRA expressly prohibits paid surrogacy and paid intermediaries, but allows reimbursement of reasonable expenses directly related to the pregnancy; it also requires strict voucher management and long-term retention (e.g., a doctor's note for malpractice reimbursement, and reimbursement information to be retained for six years).

Typical expenditure structure:

• Lawyer's fees (two law firms) + provincial parental rights/registration processing;
• Medical (IVF/transplantation/maternity/delivery);
• Reimbursement:Transportation, nutrition, pregnancy tests, missed work (under compliance conditions), childcare, etc.-All the bills..;
• Travel/translation/notarization and certification.

Hidden costs: time.The altruistic mechanism is such that fewer people are willing to be contemporary mothers, and the matching cycle and administrative/legal process tends to lengthen; this translates directly into multiple round trips on accommodation flights, visa time, cost of time off work, and so on.

2) Landing points

• Select provinces first:Different provinces have different paths to parental rights/registration (whether or not they go to court, how long it takes to get the documents out); written SOPs & timelines before signing a contract.
• Establishment of a "reimbursement ledger":The "who, when, for what, and with what vouchers" for each expenditure is traceable and fully compliant with the Health Canada guidelines (including guidelines on the conditions under which "pre-pregnancy/puerperium work missed can be claimed" is established).

Conclusion:Canada is more "moderate" but more intensively managed. What you save in "cash compensation", you make up for inTime and managementThe

Kyrgyzstan and Georgia: Best value for money? Finding out the "hidden costs"

1) The price tag is nice

• Georgia:"Packaged prices" have been common in recent years.US$45k-70k The claim (also platform label US$55k-70k).
• Kyrgyzstan:Common "all-inclusive starts"US$55k-70k(or equivalent dollar range) and list the spreads for different donor egg programs; 2025 multiple sources use the 2024 Citizens' Health Protection Act as the basis for legitimacy and the backbone of the process.

2) Add back "non-medical costs"

3) The right way to totalize your accounts

• classifier for objects with a handle"Packaged price" split into modules:: Medical (including relocation), legal (including parental authority and registration), insurance, translation and notarization, documents, travel and residence, and accidental insurance.
• classifier for objects with a handle"Eligibility and policy" as a hard constraint: Get current (monthly/quarterly) official/court/registry written samples with attorney's opinion before finalizing payment plan.

Conclusion:The two Central Asian countries are cost-effective on paper, but there are many dynamic variables. As long as you make legal enforceability and the chain of return documents a "prerequisite" and factor in all the "non-medical costs", this route is still worth serious evaluation. Otherwise, the cheapness may be superficial.

Wrapping Up in a Sentence (This Group)

USA: US$160k-230k+, but "pay for certainty"; the latest landscape (e.g., Michigan decriminalization, New York CPSA) allows for more enforceable states.

Canada:Altruistic framework, compliant reimbursement and provincial variances are key; build "claims ledgers" in strict accordance with AHRA/supporting guidelines.

Georgia/Kyrgyzstan:Price friendly, but policies/eligibility need to be dynamically verified; factor in documentation with chain of parental authority, secondary transplant/insurance gap/travel residency for a true total price.

V. From surrogacy contracts to birth certificates, the process of establishing parental authority and legal safeguards in four countries

Give the general idea first:
Parental rights are established in fact"Contract → Court/Registry → Birth Certificate"The Relay for Life. US by state, Canada by province, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan by current policy and caliber of practice. Any "verbal assurances" have to be backed up by a court order/official registration and verifiable paperwork; this is the first step, so that passports, travel permits, and returning to one's home country don't get stuck.

United States: How does a pre-birth order (PBO) establish parental rights "in one step"?

1) Contracts and Attorney Staffing

Each side has an independent attorney, and the contract spells out the compensation structure, medical decision-making, insurance, dispute resolution, and pro-rights path; funds are disbursed in installments using a third-party escrow.

The timeline is usually:Sign a general agreement before preparing for pregnancy → file a case for a PBO (or post-birth order) → follow the order on the day of the baby's birth/after the birth.

2) PBO and the "logic of state choice"

In the United States, there is no uniform federal law, and parental rights are organized by state. Many "green light states" favor obtaining a PBO during pregnancy and registering the birth directly at the hospital on the day of birth by court order; some states favor post-birth orders or require additional steps. When choosing a state, check directly with the map of state laws and court practices in the destination county to confirm that"PBO or not / court appearance required / birth certificate writing"The

3) Update on two major events affecting the viability of statehood.

• New York State CPSA (Child-Parent Safety Act) Effective from 2021-02-15, explicitly legalizes paid gestational surrogacy, with a "surrogate mother's charter of rights" (independent counsel, insurance, psychological support, informed consent, etc.) and a clear path to parental authority orders and birth registration - also more operational for foreign/LGBTQ+ parties. Single/LGBTQ+ parties.
• Michigan Decriminalization:2024-04-01 Governor signs a bill that goes into effect on 2025-04-01, completely repealing the criminalized ban on surrogacy contracts; there are no more "criminal red zones" in the U.S., and the difference between states is more about the process and difficulty (PBO vs. post-birth order) rather than "can it be done? The difference between states is more about procedure and difficulty (PBO vs. post-birth order) than "can it be done?

Canada, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia: legal procedures and timelines for transfer of parental authority

A. Canada (altruism)

Legal Base:Federal AHRA prohibits paid surrogacy/paid intermediaries but allows reimbursement of reasonable expenses directly related to the pregnancy; reimbursement guidelines (Health Canada Guidelines & SOR-2019-193) clarify reimbursable accounts & voucher retention (including transportation, legal, medications, embryo transport, etc.), and parental rights/registration is left to provincial discretion (whether to go to court, when to order/register).

Timeline Points:Pick a province before signing up and check how soon after birth you can complete parental rights and re-certification; use the reimbursement ledger as the main line of the project (invoices, certificates, retention years).

B. Kyrgyzstan (emerging commercial surrogacy)

In recent years, the Health Protection (Citizenship) Act 2024 has been cited as a basis for stating that "surrogacy is legal and contracts are enforceable", and many information sources claim that they can accept singles/foreigners, while some professional practitioners advise that verification is essential:Eligibility boundaries (single/same-sex/foreign), actual registry write-up and periodicity, whether additional medical indications are required, etc.The

Timeline Points:In the contract, "how to write the parent's column in the birth certificate, whether DNA is required, whether court/notary/certification is required, name and address of issuing authority, expected number of days to issue" is written to the letter; before landing, we get the real samples of the last 6-12 months (privacy coded) and have the attorney to check the authenticity.

C. Georgia (traditional strength of commercial surrogacy, but with "current verification" of the movement of foreign nationals)

Traditional Strengths:Birth certificates can usually be written directly to the parents, surrogate mothers have no parental authority, and are issued quickly (some organizations advertise "same day/next day certificates").

Policy direction:2023-2025 Discussions and promotion of "restriction/prohibition of surrogacy to foreigners, preference for married heterosexuals" have been made public on several occasions; some organizations have stated that "no change has been made at this point in time".Different calibers → Pre-projects must be based on current government/lawyer written opinionsIt also makes "openness to foreigners" a condition precedent to the contract.

Timeline Points:Lock in the SOP for the current process at the registry/court before signing; confirm whether the foreign party needs additional documents (marriage/no crime/income certificate, etc.) and whether pre-certification must be done in the home country/third country.

Key Legal Steps for International Surrogacy Newborns "Returning to the Home Country for Household Registration/Documentation"

This step is often underestimated.Medical success ≠ Documentation successYou need to think of "child status" as a separate compliance program. You need to treat "child status" as a separate compliance program, starting early in the pregnancy and working backwards.

1) Chain of Evidence Set of 4 (most commonly used)

1. Court orders/parental authority decisions/official registrations (PBO or Post Birth Order/Registration Return)
2. birth certificate (Parent columns should be written and numbered to correspond to the court/registration document)
3. biological evidence (DNA or not as required by the destination country; sampling location and witnesses need to be booked in advance)
4. Notarization/certification/consular certification (Clarify "by whom, where and how soon" and "whether electronic/paper originals are accepted")

2) Passport / Travel Permit / Repatriation Documents

Different countries have different routes to documentation for children; multinational parents also have to deal with dual/single citizenship and entry permits. It is important to rehearse the entire process with an immigration attorney in mid-pregnancy to anticipate wait times and avoid delays.

VI. How to choose the right surrogacy country according to your situation and avoid risks?

Open the door:The decision is not "which country is best", but "which country best suits your immediate constraints". Put the four variables in order:
① Legal certainty (parental rights, birth certificate, whether court is required) → ② Eligibility inclusiveness (single/LGBTQ+/foreign) → ③ Timing (pace of matching and issuance) → ④ Budget (with invisible items).
After sorting, the comparison and scoring is set directly below.

✅ Shikoku Surrogacy Advantages and Disadvantages Summary Table

How to Screen Reliable International Surrogacy Agencies, Clinics & Attorneys?

A. Agency Nine Hard Standards

1. License and Filing:Completeness of local business licenses/permits; membership in industry associations; acceptance of third-party audits.
2. Funds escrow:Third-party escrow account, disbursed in milestones.
3. Transparent offer:List the modules and exclusions (retransfer, reduction, cesarean section, preterm labor, NICU, deductible, attorney overtime).
4. Surrogate mother screening:Medical/psychological/background check standards and ratios, and whether there is a second instance mechanism.
5. Compliance instruments:Sample of real successes in the last 6-12 months (court order/registration receipt/private version of birth certificate).
6. Medical Network:Collaborative In-Network Hospital/Anesthesia/Neonatal Unit list with referral preplanning.
7. Communication mechanisms:Dedicated project manager, bilingual services, written SOPs and risk plans.
8. Word of mouth and disputes:Bad reviews and conclusions; willingness to provide old customers to return to (anonymity is fine).
9. Ethics and Privacy:Respect for surrogate mother autonomy, refusal of induction; compliant use of surrogate mother portraits and cases.

B. Clinic Six Key Questions to Ask

1. Embryo count and PGT strategy? Resettlement policy and statistical caliber of cumulative live birth rate?
2. Program and drug stratification for advanced/repeated failure cases?
3. Fetal number management (adherence to single embryo/single fetus) and ethical process of fetal reduction?
4. Mechanisms for complication response, critical transport and NICU coordination?
5. Closed-loop collaboration with lawyers/agencies (pre-transplant legal freeze point, PBO timeline alignment)?
6. List of real birthing hospitals with pediatric/neonatal "green lanes"?

C. Lawyer's five essential questions

1. Shortest vs. longest timeline for local parental authority pathway (PBO/Post Birth Order/Administrative Registration)?
2. Expat/single/LGBTQ+ parties' current viability and alternative paths?
3. What is written in the parent's column on the birth certificate, will there be a second adoption, and will DNA be required?
4. Does the court accept remoteness; requirements for original/electronic copies?
5. How is the chain of notarization/authentication/consular certification of transnational documents and the return of documents in reverse order?

Legal advice and common pitfalls you must know before signing a surrogacy contract

A. Key contractual terms

• Parental Rights Path:Whether PBO or not; if not, what to do about post-birth commands/registration; alternative path in case of failure.
• Birth certificate writing:Parent column name, order, whether dual parent is supported; hospital fit process.
• Resettlement and abortion:How many times is it included? How are costs and legal renewals taken on after failure?
• Medical Decision-Making Authority and Special Circumstances:Decision-making process for fetal reduction, fetal anomalies, cesarean section, ICU/NICU; respect for surrogate mother's bodily autonomy.
• Insurance and Expense Exclusions:What is covered by whom; cap/cap vs. reinsurance/gap insurance; preterm birth preplanning.
• Dispute Resolution:Applicable Law, Place of Jurisdiction, Arbitration/Litigation Paths; Liquidated Damages and Force Majeure (including sudden policy changes).
• Documents and papers:Required DNA/notarization/certification, translation, and consular processes are written into the timeline.

FAQ

Q1: Why is the US so expensive and so many candidates?

A: BecauseLegal certainty and process predictabilityValue. PBOs in friendly states work with established hospitals/courts to minimize "uncontrollable costs".

Q2: Is it true that Canada can't give a penny of compensation?

A:Unpaid, but can reimburse expenses that are reasonable and directly related to the pregnancy (strict voucher and retention requirements). Compliance management done right makes for a smoother program.

Q3: Why is Kyrgyzstan/Georgia cheaper? Are there "pitfalls"?

A: Cheapness is mostly in medical and labor costs; the "pits" are in theInconsistency between eligibility and policy caliber, and documentation/repatriation chain. It's expensive to just keep an eye on packages and not do due diligence instead.

Q4: Where is the best place for a single or LGBTQ+ family to go?

A: OverallU.S. Friendly States and Canada More Stable. Central Asia is required to verify eligibility and path to parental authority in writing for the current period.

Q5: What is PBO? Why is it important?

A:Pre-Birth Order (Pre-Birth Sentence).. The court confirms the parental rights of the intended parents before the baby is born. By being able to PBO, you can confirm rights at birth, greatly reducing uncertainty.

Q6: Is it still possible to get a "birth certificate addressed to the parents" in Georgia?

A:Please refer to the current issue.Policies on expatriate/family structures are dynamically discussed and advanced, and it is important to include "whether and to whom" in the pre-conditions of the contract and to verify them with samples.

Q7: Is Kyrgyzstan really single friendly?

A: It is feasible, and Kyrgyz law does not place any restrictions on single people.

Q8：How can I make the total price not "more expensive"?

A: Do it by module"Full-cost budget": medical (including re-migration)/legal (including PBO/registration)/insurance/NICU/translation and notarization/documentation/travel residency/buffer money; ask for the exclusions line by line and write them into the contract.

Q9: Which step of the return documentation is the easiest to get stuck?

A:inconsistent information(birth certificate not aligned with court order/registration) vs.Inadequate arrangement of DNA/certification nodesMost Frequent Card. Walk through the immigration/travel permit pathway mid-pregnancy.